diff --git a/app/src/domain/hmi_model.h b/app/src/domain/hmi_model.h
index 54feff3..46fb923 100644
--- a/app/src/domain/hmi_model.h
+++ b/app/src/domain/hmi_model.h
@@ -44,6 +44,17 @@ enum class HmiControlType
     Label                    // 标签
 };
 
+/**
+ * @brief 按钮对绑定 M 位执行的操作
+ */
+enum class HmiButtonOperation
+{
+    SetOn,                   // 按下时写入 1
+    SetOff,                  // 按下时写入 0
+    Toggle,                  // 按下时写入当前读回值的反值
+    MomentaryOn              // 按下时写入 1，释放时写入 0
+};
+
 /**
  * @brief 描述一个可保存的 HMI 控件及其显示和寄存器配置
  *
@@ -57,6 +68,7 @@ struct HmiControl
     std::string text;
     std::optional<RegisterAddress> binding;
     std::map<std::string, std::string> properties;
+    HmiButtonOperation buttonOperation = HmiButtonOperation::MomentaryOn;
 
     /**
      * @brief 校验控件的标识、尺寸、扩展属性和寄存器绑定
diff --git a/app/src/infrastructure/json_project_storage.cpp b/app/src/infrastructure/json_project_storage.cpp
index f3460a1..ce3447c 100644
--- a/app/src/infrastructure/json_project_storage.cpp
+++ b/app/src/infrastructure/json_project_storage.cpp
@@ -318,6 +318,58 @@ bool parseHmiControlType(
     return true;
 }
 
+QString hmiButtonOperationName(HmiButtonOperation operation)
+{
+    switch (operation)
+    {
+    case HmiButtonOperation::SetOn:
+    {
+        return QStringLiteral("setOn");
+    }
+    case HmiButtonOperation::SetOff:
+    {
+        return QStringLiteral("setOff");
+    }
+    case HmiButtonOperation::Toggle:
+    {
+        return QStringLiteral("toggle");
+    }
+    case HmiButtonOperation::MomentaryOn:
+    default:
+    {
+        return QStringLiteral("momentaryOn");
+    }
+    }
+}
+
+bool parseHmiButtonOperation(
+    const std::string &value, HmiButtonOperation *operation, ParseState *state)
+{
+    if (value == "setOn")
+    {
+        *operation = HmiButtonOperation::SetOn;
+    }
+    else if (value == "setOff")
+    {
+        *operation = HmiButtonOperation::SetOff;
+    }
+    else if (value == "toggle")
+    {
+        *operation = HmiButtonOperation::Toggle;
+    }
+    else if (value == "momentaryOn")
+    {
+        *operation = HmiButtonOperation::MomentaryOn;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return state->fail(
+            ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
+            "不支持的 HMI 按钮操作：" + value);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 // 将 HMI 控件矩形区域序列化为 JSON 对象
 QJsonObject serializeBounds(const HmiRect &bounds)
 {
@@ -418,6 +470,12 @@ QJsonObject serializeHmiControl(const HmiControl &control)
         object.insert(QStringLiteral("binding"), QJsonValue::Null);
     }
     object.insert(QStringLiteral("properties"), serializeProperties(control.properties));
+    if (control.type == HmiControlType::Button)
+    {
+        object.insert(
+            QStringLiteral("buttonOperation"),
+            hmiButtonOperationName(control.buttonOperation));
+    }
     return object;
 }
 
@@ -447,6 +505,21 @@ bool parseHmiControl(
     {
         return false;
     }
+    if (control->type == HmiControlType::Button)
+    {
+        std::string operation_text;
+        if (!readString(
+                object,
+                "buttonOperation",
+                context,
+                &operation_text,
+                state)
+            || !parseHmiButtonOperation(
+                operation_text, &control->buttonOperation, state))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
 
     // binding 允许为 null，其余非空值必须是合法的寄存器地址对象
     if (binding.isNull())
diff --git a/app/src/services/hmi_runtime_service.cpp b/app/src/services/hmi_runtime_service.cpp
index fd726f7..291b3ab 100644
--- a/app/src/services/hmi_runtime_service.cpp
+++ b/app/src/services/hmi_runtime_service.cpp
@@ -67,20 +67,66 @@ HmiRuntimeReadResult HmiRuntimeService::readControl(const HmiControl &control) c
     return readFailure(HmiRuntimeError::UnsupportedControl);
 }
 
-HmiRuntimeWriteResult HmiRuntimeService::toggleButton(const HmiControl &control)
+HmiRuntimeWriteResult HmiRuntimeService::operateButton(
+    const HmiControl &control, HmiButtonEvent event)
 {
     if (control.type != HmiControlType::Button)
     {
         return writeFailure(HmiRuntimeError::UnsupportedControl);
     }
-    const HmiRuntimeReadResult current = readControl(control);
-    if (!current.succeeded)
+    if (!control.binding.has_value())
+    {
+        return writeFailure(HmiRuntimeError::MissingBinding);
+    }
+    if (!control.binding->isValid() || control.binding->area() != RegisterArea::M)
+    {
+        return writeFailure(HmiRuntimeError::InvalidBinding);
+    }
+
+    bool value = false;
+    switch (control.buttonOperation)
+    {
+    case HmiButtonOperation::SetOn:
+    {
+        if (event == HmiButtonEvent::Released)
+        {
+            return {true, HmiRuntimeError::None};
+        }
+        value = true;
+        break;
+    }
+    case HmiButtonOperation::SetOff:
     {
-        return writeFailure(current.error);
+        if (event == HmiButtonEvent::Released)
+        {
+            return {true, HmiRuntimeError::None};
+        }
+        value = false;
+        break;
     }
-    // 先读后取反实现按钮点击切换 M 位语义
-    const RegisterWriteResult result = repository_.writeBit(
-        *control.binding, !current.bit_value);
+    case HmiButtonOperation::Toggle:
+    {
+        if (event == HmiButtonEvent::Released)
+        {
+            return {true, HmiRuntimeError::None};
+        }
+        const HmiRuntimeReadResult current = readControl(control);
+        if (!current.succeeded)
+        {
+            return writeFailure(current.error);
+        }
+        value = !current.bit_value;
+        break;
+    }
+    case HmiButtonOperation::MomentaryOn:
+    default:
+    {
+        value = event == HmiButtonEvent::Pressed;
+        break;
+    }
+    }
+
+    const RegisterWriteResult result = repository_.writeBit(*control.binding, value);
     return result.succeeded
         ? HmiRuntimeWriteResult{true, HmiRuntimeError::None}
         : writeFailure(repositoryError(result.error));
diff --git a/app/src/services/hmi_runtime_service.h b/app/src/services/hmi_runtime_service.h
index 139a640..e6c95e6 100644
--- a/app/src/services/hmi_runtime_service.h
+++ b/app/src/services/hmi_runtime_service.h
@@ -46,6 +46,15 @@ struct HmiRuntimeWriteResult
     HmiRuntimeError error = HmiRuntimeError::None;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @brief HMI 按钮在运行态产生的输入事件
+ */
+enum class HmiButtonEvent
+{
+    Pressed,
+    Released
+};
+
 /**
  * @brief 仅通过统一寄存器仓库执行 HMI 运行态读写
  *
@@ -65,11 +74,13 @@ public:
      */
     HmiRuntimeReadResult readControl(const HmiControl &control) const;
     /**
-     * @brief 切换按钮当前绑定 M 位的值
+     * @brief 根据按钮配置处理按下或释放事件
      * @param control 按钮控件，必须绑定有效 M 地址
-     * @return 非按钮、绑定无效或仓库拒绝写入时返回失败结果
+     * @param event 当前输入事件
+     * @return 无需写入的事件返回成功，配置无效或仓库拒绝写入时返回失败
      */
-    HmiRuntimeWriteResult toggleButton(const HmiControl &control);
+    HmiRuntimeWriteResult operateButton(
+        const HmiControl &control, HmiButtonEvent event);
     /**
      * @brief 将带符号 16 位数值写入数值输入控件绑定的 D 地址
      * @param control 数值输入控件，必须绑定有效 D 地址
diff --git a/app/src/ui/hmi_editor_widget.cpp b/app/src/ui/hmi_editor_widget.cpp
index 728b98f..3011dbb 100644
--- a/app/src/ui/hmi_editor_widget.cpp
+++ b/app/src/ui/hmi_editor_widget.cpp
@@ -30,12 +30,14 @@ public:
         int page_width,
         int page_height,
         std::function<void(const std::string &, const QPointF &)> moved,
-        std::function<void(const std::string &)> activated)
+        std::function<void(const std::string &, HmiButtonEvent)> button_event,
+        std::function<void(const std::string &)> numeric_input_activated)
         : control_(control),
           page_width_(page_width),
           page_height_(page_height),
           moved_(std::move(moved)),
-          activated_(std::move(activated))
+          button_event_(std::move(button_event)),
+          numeric_input_activated_(std::move(numeric_input_activated))
     {
         // 领域坐标直接作为图元在场景中的初始位置
         setPos(control_.bounds.x, control_.bounds.y);
@@ -194,16 +196,15 @@ protected:
         return QGraphicsItem::itemChange(change, value);
     }
 
-    // 运行态点击按钮时通知外层执行 M 位切换
+    // 运行态按钮按下时通知外层执行配置的 M 位操作
     void mousePressEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event) override
     {
-        // 条件：!ItemIsMovable 【也就是运行模式】 + 是按钮 + 有回调
         if (!flags().testFlag(ItemIsMovable)
-            && control_.type == HmiControlType::Button && activated_)
+            && control_.type == HmiControlType::Button && button_event_)
         {
-            // 运行态单击按钮才触发 M 位切换，编辑态只用于选择和拖动
             setSelected(true);
-            activated_(control_.id);
+            button_pressed_ = true;
+            button_event_(control_.id, HmiButtonEvent::Pressed);
             event->accept();
             return;
         }
@@ -215,11 +216,12 @@ protected:
     void mouseDoubleClickEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event) override
     {
         if (!flags().testFlag(ItemIsMovable)
-            && control_.type == HmiControlType::NumericInput && activated_)
+            && control_.type == HmiControlType::NumericInput
+            && numeric_input_activated_)
         {
             // 数值输入使用双击，避免普通选择操作意外写入 D 字
             setSelected(true);
-            activated_(control_.id);
+            numeric_input_activated_(control_.id);
             event->accept();
             return;
         }
@@ -229,6 +231,14 @@ protected:
     // 拖拽结束后才提交最终坐标，避免移动过程频繁修改领域模型
     void mouseReleaseEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event) override
     {
+        if (!flags().testFlag(ItemIsMovable)
+            && control_.type == HmiControlType::Button && button_pressed_)
+        {
+            button_pressed_ = false;
+            button_event_(control_.id, HmiButtonEvent::Released);
+            event->accept();
+            return;
+        }
         QGraphicsItem::mouseReleaseEvent(event);
         // 只有ItemIsMovable打开（编辑态），松开鼠标才提交位置给业务层
         if (flags().testFlag(ItemIsMovable) && moved_)
@@ -290,8 +300,9 @@ private:
     int page_height_ = 0;
     // 拖拽完成后回调 HmiEditorWidget 提交控件新位置
     std::function<void(const std::string &, const QPointF &)> moved_;
-    // 运行模式点击按钮 / 双击输入框回调，通知外层做寄存器读写
-    std::function<void(const std::string &)> activated_;
+    std::function<void(const std::string &, HmiButtonEvent)> button_event_;
+    std::function<void(const std::string &)> numeric_input_activated_;
+    bool button_pressed_ = false;
     // 指示灯读取到的 M 位值
     bool bit_value_ = false;
     // 数值控件读取到的 D 字值
@@ -395,9 +406,13 @@ void HmiEditorWidget::reloadPage()
             {
                 handleControlMoved(control_id, position);
             },
+            [this](const std::string &control_id, HmiButtonEvent event)
+            {
+                handleButtonEvent(control_id, event);
+            },
             [this](const std::string &control_id)
             {
-                handleControlActivated(control_id);
+                handleNumericInputActivated(control_id);
             });
         scene_->addItem(item);
         item->setInteractionEnabled(editing_enabled_);
@@ -518,7 +533,8 @@ void HmiEditorWidget::handleControlMoved(
     emit controlChanged(QString::fromStdString(control_id));
 }
 
-void HmiEditorWidget::handleControlActivated(const std::string &control_id)
+void HmiEditorWidget::handleButtonEvent(
+    const std::string &control_id, HmiButtonEvent event)
 {
     if (!runtime_active_ || !runtime_write_enabled_)
     {
@@ -529,37 +545,48 @@ void HmiEditorWidget::handleControlActivated(const std::string &control_id)
     {
         return;
     }
-    HmiRuntimeWriteResult result;
-    // 只有可写控件允许激活，其余控件只展示最新运行值
-    if (control->type == HmiControlType::Button)
-    {
-        result = runtime_service_.toggleButton(*control);
-    }
-    else if (control->type == HmiControlType::NumericInput)
-    {
-        bool accepted = false;
-        const HmiRuntimeReadResult current = runtime_service_.readControl(*control);
-        const int initial = current.succeeded ? current.word_value : 0;
-        const int value = QInputDialog::getInt(
-            this,
-            tr("输入数值"),
-            QString::fromUtf8(control->text.data(), static_cast<int>(control->text.size())),
-            initial,
-            std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min(),
-            std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max(),
-            1,
-            &accepted);
-        if (!accepted)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-        result = runtime_service_.writeNumericInput(
-            *control, static_cast<std::int16_t>(value));
+    if (control->type != HmiControlType::Button)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    const HmiRuntimeWriteResult result = runtime_service_.operateButton(*control, event);
+    if (!result.succeeded)
+    {
+        emit editorError(tr("寄存器操作失败"));
+        return;
+    }
+    refreshRuntimeValues();
+}
+
+void HmiEditorWidget::handleNumericInputActivated(const std::string &control_id)
+{
+    if (!runtime_active_ || !runtime_write_enabled_)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    const HmiControl *control = editor_service_.findControl(page_id_, control_id);
+    if (control == nullptr || control->type != HmiControlType::NumericInput)
+    {
+        return;
     }
-    else
+    bool accepted = false;
+    const HmiRuntimeReadResult current = runtime_service_.readControl(*control);
+    const int initial = current.succeeded ? current.word_value : 0;
+    const int value = QInputDialog::getInt(
+        this,
+        tr("输入数值"),
+        QString::fromUtf8(control->text.data(), static_cast<int>(control->text.size())),
+        initial,
+        std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::min(),
+        std::numeric_limits<std::int16_t>::max(),
+        1,
+        &accepted);
+    if (!accepted)
     {
         return;
     }
+    const HmiRuntimeWriteResult result = runtime_service_.writeNumericInput(
+        *control, static_cast<std::int16_t>(value));
     if (!result.succeeded)
     {
         emit editorError(tr("寄存器操作失败"));
diff --git a/app/src/ui/hmi_editor_widget.h b/app/src/ui/hmi_editor_widget.h
index 1ded0c1..d123c61 100644
--- a/app/src/ui/hmi_editor_widget.h
+++ b/app/src/ui/hmi_editor_widget.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ class HmiEditorService;
 class HmiRuntimeService;
 class QGraphicsScene;
 class QResizeEvent;
+enum class HmiButtonEvent;
 
 /**
  * @brief 将 HMI 页面模型投影为可选择和拖动的图形编辑画布
@@ -102,8 +103,11 @@ private:
     void handleSelectionChanged();
     // 将图元拖动后的坐标提交给 HMI 编辑服务
     void handleControlMoved(const std::string &control_id, const QPointF &position);
-    // 在运行态处理按钮点击或数值输入激活
-    void handleControlActivated(const std::string &control_id);
+    // 在运行态处理按钮按下和释放
+    void handleButtonEvent(
+        const std::string &control_id, HmiButtonEvent event);
+    // 在运行态处理数值输入激活
+    void handleNumericInputActivated(const std::string &control_id);
 
     // 提供控件查找、移动和属性更新能力，不直接操作 Qt 图元数据
     HmiEditorService &editor_service_;
diff --git a/app/src/ui/main_window.cpp b/app/src/ui/main_window.cpp
index 253bc12..497cd37 100644
--- a/app/src/ui/main_window.cpp
+++ b/app/src/ui/main_window.cpp
@@ -541,6 +541,14 @@ void MainWindow::configurePropertyEditor()
     ui_->bindingAreaComboBox->setItemData(0, -1);
     ui_->bindingAreaComboBox->setItemData(1, 0);
     ui_->bindingAreaComboBox->setItemData(2, 1);
+    ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->setItemData(
+        0, static_cast<int>(HmiButtonOperation::SetOn));
+    ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->setItemData(
+        1, static_cast<int>(HmiButtonOperation::SetOff));
+    ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->setItemData(
+        2, static_cast<int>(HmiButtonOperation::Toggle));
+    ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->setItemData(
+        3, static_cast<int>(HmiButtonOperation::MomentaryOn));
     for (int index = 0; index < ui_->logicComparisonComboBox->count(); ++index)
     {
         ui_->logicComparisonComboBox->setItemData(index, index);
@@ -674,6 +682,7 @@ void MainWindow::showControlProperties(const std::string &control_id)
                             static_cast<QWidget *>(ui_->controlHeightSpinBox),
                             static_cast<QWidget *>(ui_->bindingAreaComboBox),
                             static_cast<QWidget *>(ui_->bindingIndexSpinBox),
+                            static_cast<QWidget *>(ui_->buttonOperationComboBox),
                             static_cast<QWidget *>(ui_->applyPropertiesButton)})
     {
         widget->setEnabled(has_control);
@@ -682,6 +691,8 @@ void MainWindow::showControlProperties(const std::string &control_id)
     // 未选中有效控件，无需填充属性，直接退出
     if (!has_control)
     {
+        ui_->buttonOperationLabel->setVisible(false);
+        ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->setVisible(false);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -701,6 +712,13 @@ void MainWindow::showControlProperties(const std::string &control_id)
         : control->binding->area() == RegisterArea::M ? 1 : 2);
     ui_->bindingIndexSpinBox->setValue(
         control->binding.has_value() ? control->binding->index() : 0);
+    const bool is_button = control->type == HmiControlType::Button;
+    ui_->buttonOperationLabel->setVisible(is_button);
+    ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->setVisible(is_button);
+    ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->setEnabled(is_button);
+    ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->setCurrentIndex(
+        ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->findData(
+            static_cast<int>(control->buttonOperation)));
 }
 
 void MainWindow::showLogicNodeProperties(const std::string &node_id)
@@ -849,6 +867,11 @@ void MainWindow::applySelectedControlProperties()
         const RegisterArea area = binding_area == 0 ? RegisterArea::M : RegisterArea::D;
         control.binding = RegisterAddress{area, ui_->bindingIndexSpinBox->value()};
     }
+    if (control.type == HmiControlType::Button)
+    {
+        control.buttonOperation = static_cast<HmiButtonOperation>(
+            ui_->buttonOperationComboBox->currentData().toInt());
+    }
     const HmiEditorResult result = hmi_editor_service_.updateControl(
         hmi_editor_service_.firstPageId(), selected_control_id_, control);
     if (!result.succeeded)
diff --git a/app/src/ui/main_window.ui b/app/src/ui/main_window.ui
index 5e6482e..dc396e1 100644
--- a/app/src/ui/main_window.ui
+++ b/app/src/ui/main_window.ui
@@ -575,8 +575,39 @@
                </property>
               </widget>
              </item>
-             <item row="8" column="0" colspan="2">
-              <widget class="QPushButton" name="applyPropertiesButton">
+              <item row="8" column="0">
+               <widget class="QLabel" name="buttonOperationLabel">
+                <property name="text">
+                 <string>按钮操作</string>
+                </property>
+               </widget>
+              </item>
+              <item row="8" column="1">
+               <widget class="QComboBox" name="buttonOperationComboBox">
+                <item>
+                 <property name="text">
+                  <string>置 ON</string>
+                 </property>
+                </item>
+                <item>
+                 <property name="text">
+                  <string>置 OFF</string>
+                 </property>
+                </item>
+                <item>
+                 <property name="text">
+                  <string>取反</string>
+                 </property>
+                </item>
+                <item>
+                 <property name="text">
+                  <string>瞬时 ON</string>
+                 </property>
+                </item>
+               </widget>
+              </item>
+              <item row="9" column="0" colspan="2">
+               <widget class="QPushButton" name="applyPropertiesButton">
                <property name="text">
                 <string>应用属性</string>
                </property>
diff --git a/app/tests/hmi_editor_service_tests.cpp b/app/tests/hmi_editor_service_tests.cpp
index ea971b4..af84044 100644
--- a/app/tests/hmi_editor_service_tests.cpp
+++ b/app/tests/hmi_editor_service_tests.cpp
@@ -91,10 +91,38 @@ void testRuntimeUsesRegisterRepository()
     button.id = "start";
     button.type = HmiControlType::Button;
     button.binding = RegisterAddress{RegisterArea::M, 12};
-    require(runtime_service.toggleButton(button).succeeded,
-            "button runtime writes must be accepted by the repository");
+    require(button.buttonOperation == HmiButtonOperation::MomentaryOn,
+            "new buttons must default to momentary ON");
+    require(runtime_service.operateButton(button, HmiButtonEvent::Pressed).succeeded,
+            "momentary button press must be accepted by the repository");
     require(repository.readBit(*button.binding).value,
-            "button runtime writes must reach the M repository value");
+            "momentary button press must write ON");
+    require(runtime_service.operateButton(button, HmiButtonEvent::Released).succeeded,
+            "momentary button release must be accepted by the repository");
+    require(!repository.readBit(*button.binding).value,
+            "momentary button release must write OFF");
+
+    button.buttonOperation = HmiButtonOperation::SetOn;
+    require(runtime_service.operateButton(button, HmiButtonEvent::Pressed).succeeded,
+            "set ON button press must succeed");
+    require(repository.readBit(*button.binding).value,
+            "set ON button press must write ON");
+    require(runtime_service.operateButton(button, HmiButtonEvent::Released).succeeded,
+            "set ON button release must be ignored successfully");
+    require(repository.readBit(*button.binding).value,
+            "set ON button release must keep the bit ON");
+
+    button.buttonOperation = HmiButtonOperation::SetOff;
+    require(runtime_service.operateButton(button, HmiButtonEvent::Pressed).succeeded,
+            "set OFF button press must succeed");
+    require(!repository.readBit(*button.binding).value,
+            "set OFF button press must write OFF");
+
+    button.buttonOperation = HmiButtonOperation::Toggle;
+    require(runtime_service.operateButton(button, HmiButtonEvent::Pressed).succeeded,
+            "toggle button press must succeed");
+    require(repository.readBit(*button.binding).value,
+            "toggle button press must invert the current value");
 
     HmiControl indicator;
     indicator.id = "running";
diff --git a/app/tests/main_window_tests.cpp b/app/tests/main_window_tests.cpp
index abeec82..c72c389 100644
--- a/app/tests/main_window_tests.cpp
+++ b/app/tests/main_window_tests.cpp
@@ -224,6 +224,10 @@ void testModeActionsControlEditingAvailability()
     QDockWidget *properties_dock = requiredChild<QDockWidget>(window, "propertiesDock");
     QLabel *selection = requiredChild<QLabel>(window, "selectionValueLabel");
     QLineEdit *text_edit = requiredChild<QLineEdit>(window, "controlTextEdit");
+    QComboBox *button_operation = requiredChild<QComboBox>(
+        window, "buttonOperationComboBox");
+    QPushButton *apply_properties = requiredChild<QPushButton>(
+        window, "applyPropertiesButton");
     HmiEditorWidget *hmi_editor = requiredChild<HmiEditorWidget>(
         window, "hmiEditorWidget");
     QLabel *executor_status = requiredChild<QLabel>(window, "executorStatusLabel");
@@ -252,10 +256,19 @@ void testModeActionsControlEditingAvailability()
             "an unbound added control must be marked in the property panel");
     require(text_edit->text() == QStringLiteral("按钮"),
             "property panel must show the control text");
+    require(button_operation->currentText() == QStringLiteral("瞬时 ON"),
+            "new HMI buttons must default to momentary ON");
 
     const QList<QGraphicsItem *> unbound_items = hmi_editor->scene()->selectedItems();
     require(unbound_items.size() == 1 && unbound_items.front()->boundingRect().top() == 0,
             "an unbound HMI control must not reserve an address label area");
+    button_operation->setCurrentIndex(
+        button_operation->findData(static_cast<int>(HmiButtonOperation::Toggle)));
+    apply_properties->click();
+    require(editor_service.findControl(page_id, "button-1")->buttonOperation
+                == HmiButtonOperation::Toggle,
+            "the property panel must update the HMI button operation");
+
     HmiControl bound_button = *editor_service.findControl(page_id, "button-1");
     bound_button.binding = RegisterAddress{RegisterArea::M, 0};
     require(editor_service.updateControl(page_id, bound_button.id, bound_button).succeeded,
@@ -458,9 +471,9 @@ void testRepeatedPlcStatusNotificationsAreCoalesced()
     ActiveRegisterRepository active_repository(virtual_repository);
     HmiRuntimeService runtime_service(active_repository);
     OfflineSimulationService simulation_service(virtual_repository);
+    RepeatedStatusGateway gateway;
     RuntimeModeService mode_service(project_service, simulation_service);
     RegisterMonitorService monitor_service(active_repository);
-    RepeatedStatusGateway gateway;
     mode_service.configurePlc(
         gateway, active_repository, virtual_repository, plc_repository);
     MainWindow window(
@@ -502,9 +515,9 @@ void testOnlineWorkspaceShowsHmiAndFreeMonitorOnly()
     ActiveRegisterRepository active_repository(virtual_repository);
     HmiRuntimeService runtime_service(active_repository);
     OfflineSimulationService simulation_service(virtual_repository);
+    OnlineReadyGateway gateway;
     RuntimeModeService mode_service(project_service, simulation_service);
     RegisterMonitorService monitor_service(active_repository);
-    OnlineReadyGateway gateway;
     mode_service.configurePlc(
         gateway, active_repository, virtual_repository, plc_repository);
     MainWindow window(
diff --git a/app/tests/offline_simulation_service_tests.cpp b/app/tests/offline_simulation_service_tests.cpp
index 930d9e0..39fe924 100644
--- a/app/tests/offline_simulation_service_tests.cpp
+++ b/app/tests/offline_simulation_service_tests.cpp
@@ -255,6 +255,7 @@ void testHmiSimulationClosedLoop()
     start.bounds = {0, 0, 80, 30};
     start.text = "start";
     start.binding = RegisterAddress{RegisterArea::M, 0};
+    start.buttonOperation = HmiButtonOperation::MomentaryOn;
     HmiControl indicator;
     indicator.id = "run-indicator";
     indicator.type = HmiControlType::Indicator;
@@ -267,12 +268,14 @@ void testHmiSimulationClosedLoop()
               {contact("start", 0), contact("feedback", 2)}},
              coil("run", 2))});
 
-    require(hmi.toggleButton(start).succeeded, "HMI start button must write virtual M");
+    require(hmi.operateButton(start, HmiButtonEvent::Pressed).succeeded,
+            "HMI start button press must write virtual M");
     require(executor.executeScan({program}, repository).succeeded,
             "closed-loop scan must succeed");
     require(hmi.readControl(indicator).bit_value,
             "HMI indicator must observe the logic output");
-    require(hmi.toggleButton(start).succeeded, "HMI start button must toggle off");
+    require(hmi.operateButton(start, HmiButtonEvent::Released).succeeded,
+            "HMI start button release must write virtual M");
     require(executor.executeScan({program}, repository).succeeded, "holding scan must succeed");
     require(hmi.readControl(indicator).bit_value,
             "feedback contact must hold the output after start turns off");
diff --git a/app/tests/project_management_tests.cpp b/app/tests/project_management_tests.cpp
index ba39d8e..68568f8 100644
--- a/app/tests/project_management_tests.cpp
+++ b/app/tests/project_management_tests.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ Project makeExampleProject()
     start_button.bounds = {10, 20, 120, 48};
     start_button.text = "Start";
     start_button.binding = RegisterAddress{RegisterArea::M, 0};
+    start_button.buttonOperation = HmiButtonOperation::SetOn;
     start_button.properties.emplace("color", "green");
 
     HmiControl running_indicator;
@@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ void testExampleProjectRoundTrip()
 
     const QString first_path = directory.filePath("example.json");
     const QString second_path = directory.filePath("example-copy.json");
+    const QString invalid_operation_path = directory.filePath("invalid-operation.json");
     require(service.saveAs(first_path.toStdString()).succeeded,
             "example project save must succeed");
     const QByteArray saved_json = readBytes(first_path);
@@ -180,6 +182,9 @@ void testExampleProjectRoundTrip()
             "saved project must use structured ladder expressions");
     require(!saved_json.contains("\"dataPoints\""),
             "saved project must not contain the removed data point model");
+    require(saved_json.contains("\"formatVersion\": \"1.0\"")
+                && saved_json.contains("\"buttonOperation\": \"setOn\""),
+            "version 1.0 projects must persist the button operation");
     require(!saved_json.contains("\"stages\"")
                 && !saved_json.contains("\"branches\""),
             "current project format must not contain the removed stage model");
@@ -197,6 +202,9 @@ void testExampleProjectRoundTrip()
     require(project.hmiPages.front().controls.front().binding->area()
                 == RegisterArea::M,
             "HMI M binding must survive round trip");
+    require(project.hmiPages.front().controls.front().buttonOperation
+                == HmiButtonOperation::SetOn,
+            "HMI button operation must survive round trip");
     require(project.hmiPages.front().controls.front().properties.at("color") == "green",
             "HMI properties must survive round trip");
     require(project.hmiPages.front().controls.at(1).type == HmiControlType::Indicator,
@@ -228,6 +236,14 @@ void testExampleProjectRoundTrip()
             "save as must succeed after load");
     require(readBytes(first_path) == readBytes(second_path),
             "save and save as must produce stable JSON");
+
+    QByteArray invalid_operation = saved_json;
+    invalid_operation.replace(
+        "\"buttonOperation\": \"setOn\"",
+        "\"buttonOperation\": \"unsupported\"");
+    writeText(invalid_operation_path, invalid_operation);
+    require(!service.load(invalid_operation_path.toStdString()).succeeded,
+            "unsupported HMI button operations must be rejected");
 }
 
 void testInvalidFiles()