diff --git a/app/src/domain/control_logic_model.cpp b/app/src/domain/control_logic_model.cpp
index 6d88892..fa83d92 100644
--- a/app/src/domain/control_logic_model.cpp
+++ b/app/src/domain/control_logic_model.cpp
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ bool validateConfig(const ContactNodeConfig &config, std::string *error)
 {
     if (!config.address.isValid() || config.address.area() != RegisterArea::M)
     {
-        setError(error, "contact node requires a valid M address");
+        setError(error, "触点节点必须使用有效的 M 区地址");
         return false;
     }
     if (config.mode != ContactMode::NormallyOpen
         && config.mode != ContactMode::NormallyClosed)
     {
-        setError(error, "contact node has an unsupported mode");
+        setError(error, "触点节点使用了不支持的模式");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ bool validateConfig(const CoilNodeConfig &config, std::string *error)
 {
     if (!config.address.isValid() || config.address.area() != RegisterArea::M)
     {
-        setError(error, "coil node requires a valid M address");
+        setError(error, "线圈节点必须使用有效的 M 区地址");
         return false;
     }
     if (config.mode != CoilMode::Normal
         && config.mode != CoilMode::Set
         && config.mode != CoilMode::Reset)
     {
-        setError(error, "coil node has an unsupported mode");
+        setError(error, "线圈节点使用了不支持的模式");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ bool validateConfig(const CompareNodeConfig &config, std::string *error)
 {
     if (!config.address.isValid() || config.address.area() != RegisterArea::D)
     {
-        setError(error, "comparison node requires a valid D address");
+        setError(error, "比较节点必须使用有效的 D 区地址");
         return false;
     }
     if (config.comparison != ComparisonOperator::Equal
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ bool validateConfig(const CompareNodeConfig &config, std::string *error)
         && config.comparison != ComparisonOperator::GreaterThan
         && config.comparison != ComparisonOperator::GreaterThanOrEqual)
     {
-        setError(error, "comparison node has an unsupported operator");
+        setError(error, "比较节点使用了不支持的运算符");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ bool validateUniqueExpressionIds(
     std::sort(ids.begin(), ids.end());
     if (std::adjacent_find(ids.cbegin(), ids.cend()) != ids.cend())
     {
-        setError(error, "condition expression ids must be unique within a rung");
+        setError(error, "同一网络内的条件表达式 ID 必须唯一");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ bool LogicNode::validate(std::string *error) const
 {
     if (id.empty())
     {
-        setError(error, "logic node id must not be empty");
+        setError(error, "逻辑节点 ID 不能为空");
         return false;
     }
     return std::visit(
@@ -174,28 +174,28 @@ bool ConditionExpression::validate(std::string *error) const
 {
     if (id.empty())
     {
-        setError(error, "condition expression id must not be empty");
+        setError(error, "条件表达式 ID 不能为空");
         return false;
     }
     if (kind == ConditionExpressionKind::Node)
     {
         if (!node.has_value() || !children.empty() || !node->isCondition())
         {
-            setError(error, "condition leaf requires one condition node and no children");
+            setError(error, "条件叶节点必须包含一个条件节点且不能包含子表达式");
             return false;
         }
         return node->validate(error);
     }
     if (node.has_value() || children.size() < 2U)
     {
-        setError(error, "series and parallel expressions require at least two children");
+        setError(error, "串联和并联表达式至少需要两个子表达式");
         return false;
     }
     for (const ConditionExpression &child : children)
     {
         if (child.kind == kind)
         {
-            setError(error, "nested expressions of the same kind must be normalized");
+            setError(error, "同类型嵌套表达式必须先完成归一化");
             return false;
         }
         if (!child.validate(error))
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ bool ConditionExpression::validateForRunning(std::string *error) const
     {
         if (!node->isConfigured())
         {
-            setError(error, "ladder condition " + node->id + " is not configured");
+            setError(error, "梯形图条件节点 " + node->id + " 尚未配置");
             return false;
         }
         return true;
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ bool LadderRung::validateForRunning(std::string *error) const
     }
     if (!condition.has_value() || !output.has_value())
     {
-        setError(error, "incomplete ladder network requires conditions and an output coil");
+        setError(error, "未完成的梯形图网络必须同时包含条件和输出线圈");
         return false;
     }
     if (!condition->validateForRunning(error))
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ bool LadderRung::validateForRunning(std::string *error) const
     }
     if (!output->isConfigured())
     {
-        setError(error, "output coil " + output->id + " is not configured");
+        setError(error, "输出线圈 " + output->id + " 尚未配置");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ bool LadderRung::validateStructure(std::string *error) const
 {
     if (id.empty() || name.empty())
     {
-        setError(error, "ladder rung id and name must not be empty");
+        setError(error, "梯形图网络 ID 和名称不能为空");
         return false;
     }
     std::vector<std::string> node_ids;
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ bool LadderRung::validateStructure(std::string *error) const
     {
         if (!output->validate(error) || !output->isOutput())
         {
-            setError(error, "ladder rung output must be a coil node");
+            setError(error, "梯形图网络输出必须是线圈节点");
             return false;
         }
         node_ids.push_back(output->id);
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ bool LadderRung::validateStructure(std::string *error) const
     std::sort(node_ids.begin(), node_ids.end());
     if (std::adjacent_find(node_ids.cbegin(), node_ids.cend()) != node_ids.cend())
     {
-        setError(error, "logic node ids must be unique within a rung");
+        setError(error, "同一网络内的逻辑节点 ID 必须唯一");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -417,12 +417,12 @@ bool ControlLogic::validateStructure(std::string *error) const
 {
     if (id.empty() || name.empty())
     {
-        setError(error, "control logic id and name must not be empty");
+        setError(error, "控制逻辑 ID 和名称不能为空");
         return false;
     }
     if (hasDuplicateId(rungs))
     {
-        setError(error, "ladder rung ids must be unique within a logic");
+        setError(error, "同一控制逻辑内的网络 ID 必须唯一");
         return false;
     }
     std::vector<std::string> node_ids;
@@ -452,13 +452,13 @@ bool ControlLogic::validateStructure(std::string *error) const
     std::sort(expression_ids.begin(), expression_ids.end());
     if (std::adjacent_find(node_ids.cbegin(), node_ids.cend()) != node_ids.cend())
     {
-        setError(error, "logic node ids must be unique within a logic");
+        setError(error, "同一控制逻辑内的逻辑节点 ID 必须唯一");
         return false;
     }
     if (std::adjacent_find(expression_ids.cbegin(), expression_ids.cend())
         != expression_ids.cend())
     {
-        setError(error, "condition expression ids must be unique within a logic");
+        setError(error, "同一控制逻辑内的条件表达式 ID 必须唯一");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
diff --git a/app/src/domain/hmi_model.cpp b/app/src/domain/hmi_model.cpp
index 3c349da..bd0ec9f 100644
--- a/app/src/domain/hmi_model.cpp
+++ b/app/src/domain/hmi_model.cpp
@@ -31,19 +31,19 @@ bool HmiControl::validate(std::string *error) const
 {
     if (id.empty())
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI control id must not be empty");
+        setError(error, "HMI 控件 ID 不能为空");
         return false;
     }
     if (bounds.width <= 0 || bounds.height <= 0)
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI control bounds must have positive size");
+        setError(error, "HMI 控件的宽度和高度必须大于 0");
         return false;
     }
     for (const auto &property : properties)
     {
         if (property.first.empty())
         {
-            setError(error, "HMI control property names must not be empty");
+            setError(error, "HMI 控件属性名称不能为空");
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ bool HmiControl::validate(std::string *error) const
     {
         if (binding.has_value() && binding->area() != RegisterArea::M)
         {
-            setError(error, "button and indicator controls require an M address");
+            setError(error, "按钮和指示灯必须绑定 M 区地址");
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ bool HmiControl::validate(std::string *error) const
     {
         if (binding.has_value() && binding->area() != RegisterArea::D)
         {
-            setError(error, "numeric controls require a D address");
+            setError(error, "数值控件必须绑定 D 区地址");
             return false;
         }
     }
     if (binding.has_value() && !binding->isValid())
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI control binding has an invalid address");
+        setError(error, "HMI 控件绑定了无效地址");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -92,12 +92,12 @@ bool HmiPage::validate(std::string *error) const
 {
     if (id.empty() || name.empty())
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI page id and name must not be empty");
+        setError(error, "HMI 页面 ID 和名称不能为空");
         return false;
     }
     if (width <= 0 || height <= 0)
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI page size must be positive");
+        setError(error, "HMI 页面尺寸必须大于 0");
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -113,13 +113,13 @@ bool HmiPage::validate(std::string *error) const
             || control.bounds.x > width - control.bounds.width
             || control.bounds.y > height - control.bounds.height)
         {
-            setError(error, "HMI control bounds must stay within the page");
+            setError(error, "HMI 控件不能超出页面范围");
             return false;
         }
         // 检查控件 id 是否唯一
         if (std::find(ids.cbegin(), ids.cend(), control.id) != ids.cend())
         {
-            setError(error, "HMI control ids must be unique within a page");
+            setError(error, "同一 HMI 页面内的控件 ID 必须唯一");
             return false;
         }
         ids.push_back(control.id);
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ bool HmiPage::validateForRunning(std::string *error) const
     {
         if (!control.isConfigured())
         {
-            setError(error, "HMI control " + control.id + " is not bound to a register");
+            setError(error, "HMI 控件 " + control.id + " 尚未绑定寄存器");
             return false;
         }
     }
diff --git a/app/src/domain/project_model.cpp b/app/src/domain/project_model.cpp
index 4d6d118..2d12601 100644
--- a/app/src/domain/project_model.cpp
+++ b/app/src/domain/project_model.cpp
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ bool Project::validate(std::string *error) const
 {
     if (metadata.id.empty() || metadata.name.empty() || metadata.formatVersion.empty())
     {
-        setError(error, "project id, name and format version must not be empty");
+        setError(error, "工程 ID、名称和格式版本不能为空");
         return false;
     }
     if (containsDuplicateId(hmiPages))
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI page ids must be unique within a project");
+        setError(error, "工程内的 HMI 页面 ID 必须唯一");
         return false;
     }
     if (containsDuplicateId(controlLogics))
     {
-        setError(error, "control logic ids must be unique within a project");
+        setError(error, "工程内的控制逻辑 ID 必须唯一");
         return false;
     }
     for (const HmiPage &page : hmiPages)
diff --git a/app/src/infrastructure/json_project_storage.cpp b/app/src/infrastructure/json_project_storage.cpp
index ebf7368..f3460a1 100644
--- a/app/src/infrastructure/json_project_storage.cpp
+++ b/app/src/infrastructure/json_project_storage.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ bool readValue(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::MissingField,
-            "missing required field " + fieldPath(context, field));
+            "缺少必填字段：" + fieldPath(context, field));
     }
     *value = object.value(key);
     return true;
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ bool readString(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            fieldPath(context, field) + " must be a string");
+            fieldPath(context, field) + " 必须是字符串");
     }
     *value = toUtf8(json_value.toString());
     return true;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ bool readBool(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            fieldPath(context, field) + " must be a boolean");
+            fieldPath(context, field) + " 必须是布尔值");
     }
     *value = json_value.toBool();
     return true;
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ bool readInt(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            fieldPath(context, field) + " must be an integer");
+            fieldPath(context, field) + " 必须是整数");
     }
 
     // Qt JSON 统一用 double 表示数值，需要额外确认它能无损转换为 int
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ bool readInt(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            fieldPath(context, field) + " is outside the supported integer range");
+            fieldPath(context, field) + " 超出支持的整数范围");
     }
     *value = static_cast<int>(number);
     return true;
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ bool readObject(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            fieldPath(context, field) + " must be an object");
+            fieldPath(context, field) + " 必须是对象");
     }
     *value = json_value.toObject();
     return true;
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ bool readArray(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            fieldPath(context, field) + " must be an array");
+            fieldPath(context, field) + " 必须是数组");
     }
     *value = json_value.toArray();
     return true;
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ bool parseAddress(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            context + ".area must be M or D");
+            context + ".area 必须是 M 或 D");
     }
 
     *address = RegisterAddress{area, index};
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ bool parseHmiControlType(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            "unsupported HMI control type " + value);
+            "不支持的 HMI 控件类型：" + value);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ bool parseProperties(
         {
             return state->fail(
                 ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-                "HMI control property values must be strings");
+                "HMI 控件属性值必须是字符串");
         }
         properties->emplace(toUtf8(current.key()), toUtf8(current.value().toString()));
     }
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ bool parseHmiControl(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            context + ".binding must be an object or null");
+            context + ".binding 必须是对象或 null");
     }
 
     RegisterAddress address{RegisterArea::M, 0};
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ bool parseHmiPage(
         {
             return state->fail(
                 ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-                context + ".controls items must be objects");
+                context + ".controls 的元素必须是对象");
         }
         HmiControl control;
         if (!parseHmiControl(
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ bool parseContactMode(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            "unsupported contact mode " + value);
+            "不支持的触点模式：" + value);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ bool parseCoilMode(const std::string &value, CoilMode *mode, ParseState *state)
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            "unsupported coil mode " + value);
+            "不支持的线圈模式：" + value);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ bool parseComparison(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            "unsupported comparison operator " + value);
+            "不支持的比较运算符：" + value);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ bool parseNodeConfig(
 
     return state->fail(
         ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-        "unsupported logic node type " + type);
+        "不支持的逻辑节点类型：" + type);
 }
 
 // 解析逻辑节点标识及其多态配置
@@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ bool parseConditionExpression(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            context + ".kind must be node, series or parallel");
+            context + ".kind 必须是 node、series 或 parallel");
     }
     QJsonArray children;
     if (!readArray(object, "children", context, &children, state))
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ bool parseConditionExpression(
         {
             return state->fail(
                 ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-                context + ".children items must be objects");
+                context + ".children 的元素必须是对象");
         }
         ConditionExpression child;
         if (!parseConditionExpression(
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ bool parseLadderRung(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            context + ".condition must be an object or null");
+            context + ".condition 必须是对象或 null");
     }
     else
     {
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ bool parseLadderRung(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-            context + ".output must be an object or null");
+            context + ".output 必须是对象或 null");
     }
     LogicNode node;
     if (!parseLogicNode(output.toObject(), context + ".output", &node, state))
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ bool parseControlLogic(
         {
             return state->fail(
                 ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-                context + ".rungs items must be objects");
+                context + ".rungs 的元素必须是对象");
         }
         LadderRung rung;
         if (!parseLadderRung(
@@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ bool parseProject(
     {
         return state->fail(
             ProjectStorageError::UnsupportedVersion,
-            "unsupported project format version " + project->metadata.formatVersion);
+            "不支持的工程格式版本：" + project->metadata.formatVersion);
     }
 
     if (!readString(object, "id", "project", &project->metadata.id, state)
@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ bool parseProject(
         {
             return state->fail(
                 ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-                "project.hmiPages items must be objects");
+                "project.hmiPages 的元素必须是对象");
         }
         HmiPage page;
         if (!parseHmiPage(
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ bool parseProject(
         {
             return state->fail(
                 ProjectStorageError::InvalidField,
-                "project.controlLogics items must be objects");
+                "project.controlLogics 的元素必须是对象");
         }
         ControlLogic logic;
         if (!parseControlLogic(
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ ProjectSaveResult JsonProjectStorage::save(
     {
         return {false,
                 ProjectStorageError::UnsupportedVersion,
-                "unsupported project format version " + project.metadata.formatVersion};
+                "不支持的工程格式版本：" + project.metadata.formatVersion};
     }
 
     // QSaveFile 先写临时文件，仅在 commit 成功后替换目标文件
@@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ ProjectLoadResult JsonProjectStorage::load(const std::string &file_path)
     if (parse_error.error != QJsonParseError::NoError || !document.isObject())
     {
         const QString message = parse_error.error == QJsonParseError::NoError
-            ? QStringLiteral("project JSON root must be an object")
+            ? QStringLiteral("工程 JSON 根节点必须是对象")
             : parse_error.errorString();
         return {false,
                 {},
diff --git a/app/src/services/hmi_editor_service.cpp b/app/src/services/hmi_editor_service.cpp
index 1c18f1d..7e32b7d 100644
--- a/app/src/services/hmi_editor_service.cpp
+++ b/app/src/services/hmi_editor_service.cpp
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ HmiEditorResult HmiEditorService::addControl(
     const HmiPage *page = findPage(page_id);
     if (page == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::PageNotFound, "HMI page was not found");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::PageNotFound, "未找到 HMI 页面");
     }
 
     // 新控件初始不绑定寄存器，避免自动分配地址造成误写风险
@@ -172,11 +172,11 @@ HmiEditorResult HmiEditorService::removeControl(
 {
     if (findPage(page_id) == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::PageNotFound, "HMI page was not found");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::PageNotFound, "未找到 HMI 页面");
     }
     if (findControl(page_id, control_id) == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::ControlNotFound, "HMI control was not found");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::ControlNotFound, "未找到 HMI 控件");
     }
 
     Project &project = project_service_.editProject();
@@ -209,11 +209,11 @@ HmiEditorResult HmiEditorService::moveControl(
     const HmiControl *control = findControl(page_id, control_id);
     if (page == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::PageNotFound, "HMI page was not found");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::PageNotFound, "未找到 HMI 页面");
     }
     if (control == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::ControlNotFound, "HMI control was not found");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::ControlNotFound, "未找到 HMI 控件");
     }
 
     // 先校验候选位置，失败时不修改工程模型
@@ -247,15 +247,15 @@ HmiEditorResult HmiEditorService::updateControl(
     const HmiControl *existing = findControl(page_id, control_id);
     if (page == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::PageNotFound, "HMI page was not found");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::PageNotFound, "未找到 HMI 页面");
     }
     if (existing == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::ControlNotFound, "HMI control was not found");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::ControlNotFound, "未找到 HMI 控件");
     }
     if (control.type != existing->type)
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::InvalidControl, "HMI control type cannot be changed");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::InvalidControl, "不能修改已创建 HMI 控件的类型");
     }
 
     std::string error;
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ HmiEditorResult HmiEditorService::updateControl(
     }
     if (hasDuplicateControlId(*page, control_id, control.id))
     {
-        return failure(HmiEditorError::DuplicateId, "HMI control id must be unique within a page");
+        return failure(HmiEditorError::DuplicateId, "同一 HMI 页面内的控件 ID 必须唯一");
     }
 
     Project &project = project_service_.editProject();
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ bool HmiEditorService::validateEditableControl(
 {
     if (control.id.empty())
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI control id must not be empty");
+        setError(error, "HMI 控件 ID 不能为空");
         return false;
     }
     if (control.bounds.width <= 0 || control.bounds.height <= 0
@@ -293,20 +293,20 @@ bool HmiEditorService::validateEditableControl(
         || control.bounds.x > page.width - control.bounds.width
         || control.bounds.y > page.height - control.bounds.height)
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI control bounds must stay within the page");
+        setError(error, "HMI 控件不能超出页面范围");
         return false;
     }
     for (const auto &property : control.properties)
     {
         if (property.first.empty())
         {
-            setError(error, "HMI control property names must not be empty");
+            setError(error, "HMI 控件属性名称不能为空");
             return false;
         }
     }
     if (control.binding.has_value() && !control.binding->isValid())
     {
-        setError(error, "HMI control binding has an invalid address");
+        setError(error, "HMI 控件绑定了无效地址");
         return false;
     }
     if (control.binding.has_value()
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ bool HmiEditorService::validateEditableControl(
             || control.type == HmiControlType::Indicator)
         && control.binding->area() != RegisterArea::M)
     {
-        setError(error, "button and indicator controls require an M address");
+        setError(error, "按钮和指示灯必须绑定 M 区地址");
         return false;
     }
     if (control.binding.has_value()
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ bool HmiEditorService::validateEditableControl(
             || control.type == HmiControlType::NumericInput)
         && control.binding->area() != RegisterArea::D)
     {
-        setError(error, "numeric controls require a D address");
+        setError(error, "数值控件必须绑定 D 区地址");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
diff --git a/app/src/services/logic_editor_service.cpp b/app/src/services/logic_editor_service.cpp
index d9beceb..fce5e83 100644
--- a/app/src/services/logic_editor_service.cpp
+++ b/app/src/services/logic_editor_service.cpp
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::addRung(const std::string &logic_id)
     const ControlLogic *logic = findLogic(logic_id);
     if (logic == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::LogicNotFound, "control logic was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::LogicNotFound, "未找到控制逻辑");
     }
     LadderRung rung;
     rung.id = makeUniqueRungId(*logic);
@@ -365,15 +365,15 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::removeRung(
     const ControlLogic *logic = findLogic(logic_id);
     if (logic == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::LogicNotFound, "control logic was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::LogicNotFound, "未找到控制逻辑");
     }
     if (findRung(logic_id, rung_id) == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::RungNotFound, "ladder rung was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::RungNotFound, "未找到梯形图网络");
     }
     if (logic->rungs.size() == 1U)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidOperation, "control logic requires one rung");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidOperation, "控制逻辑至少需要保留一个网络");
     }
     Project &project = project_service_.editProject();
     auto target = std::find_if(
@@ -397,11 +397,11 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::appendCondition(
     {
         return failure(
             logic == nullptr ? LogicEditorError::LogicNotFound : LogicEditorError::RungNotFound,
-            logic == nullptr ? "control logic was not found" : "ladder rung was not found");
+            logic == nullptr ? "未找到控制逻辑" : "未找到梯形图网络");
     }
     if (!isConditionConfig(config))
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidNode, "ladder condition cannot be a coil");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidNode, "梯形图条件不能使用线圈节点");
     }
     const std::string node_id = makeUniqueNodeId(*logic, nodePrefix(config));
     ConditionExpression leaf = ConditionExpression::fromNode(makeNode(node_id, config));
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::insertConditionAfter(
     const ControlLogic *logic = findLogic(logic_id);
     if (logic == nullptr || findRung(logic_id, rung_id) == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::RungNotFound, "ladder network was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::RungNotFound, "未找到梯形图网络");
     }
     const LadderRung *existing_rung = findRung(logic_id, rung_id);
     if (!isConditionConfig(config)
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::insertConditionAfter(
         || !existing_rung->condition.has_value()
         || findConditionNode(*existing_rung->condition, target_node_id) == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound, "series insertion target was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound, "未找到串联插入目标");
     }
     const std::string node_id = makeUniqueNodeId(*logic, nodePrefix(config));
     ConditionExpression leaf = ConditionExpression::fromNode(makeNode(node_id, config));
@@ -482,30 +482,30 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::addParallelBranch(
     const ControlLogic *logic = findLogic(logic_id);
     if (logic == nullptr || findRung(logic_id, rung_id) == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::RungNotFound, "ladder network was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::RungNotFound, "未找到梯形图网络");
     }
     if (!isConditionConfig(config) || selected_node_ids.empty())
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidOperation, "parallel branch requires a selection");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidOperation, "建立并联支路前必须选择节点");
     }
     const LadderRung *existing_rung = findRung(logic_id, rung_id);
     if (!existing_rung->condition.has_value())
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidOperation, "ladder network has no condition");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidOperation, "梯形图网络尚无条件节点");
     }
     NodeIdSet selected_ids(selected_node_ids.cbegin(), selected_node_ids.cend());
     if (selected_ids.size() != selected_node_ids.size())
     {
         return failure(
             LogicEditorError::InvalidOperation,
-            "parallel selection contains duplicates");
+            "并联选择中存在重复节点");
     }
     const NodeIdSet available_ids = conditionNodeIds(*existing_rung->condition);
     if (!isSubset(selected_ids, available_ids))
     {
         return failure(
             LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound,
-            "parallel selection contains an unknown node");
+            "并联选择中包含未知节点");
     }
     const std::string node_id = makeUniqueNodeId(*logic, nodePrefix(config));
     ConditionExpression leaf = ConditionExpression::fromNode(makeNode(node_id, config));
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::addParallelBranch(
     {
         return failure(
             LogicEditorError::InvalidOperation,
-            "parallel selection must be one continuous logic range");
+            "并联选择必须是一个连续的逻辑范围");
     }
     return {true, LogicEditorError::None, {}, node_id};
 }
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::setOutput(
     const LadderRung *existing_rung = findRung(logic_id, rung_id);
     if (logic == nullptr || existing_rung == nullptr || !isOutputConfig(config))
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidNode, "ladder output requires a valid coil");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::InvalidNode, "梯形图输出必须使用有效线圈");
     }
     const std::string node_id = existing_rung->output.has_value()
         ? existing_rung->output->id : makeUniqueNodeId(*logic, nodePrefix(config));
@@ -557,13 +557,13 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::updateNodeConfig(
     const LogicNode *node = findNode(logic_id, node_id);
     if (node == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound, "logic node was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound, "未找到逻辑节点");
     }
     if (node->config.index() != config.index())
     {
         return failure(
             LogicEditorError::UnsupportedNodeChange,
-            "node category cannot be changed after creation");
+            "节点创建后不能修改节点类别");
     }
     LogicNode candidate{node_id, config, true};
     std::string error;
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::updateNodeConfig(
             }
         }
     }
-    return failure(LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound, "logic node was not found");
+    return failure(LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound, "未找到逻辑节点");
 }
 
 LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::removeNode(
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::removeNode(
     const std::string rung_id = rungIdForNode(logic_id, node_id);
     if (rung_id.empty())
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound, "logic node was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::NodeNotFound, "未找到逻辑节点");
     }
     const LadderRung *rung = findRung(logic_id, rung_id);
     if (rung->output.has_value() && rung->output->id == node_id)
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ LogicEditorResult LogicEditorService::removeExpression(
 {
     if (findExpression(logic_id, rung_id, expression_id) == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicEditorError::ExpressionNotFound, "condition branch was not found");
+        return failure(LogicEditorError::ExpressionNotFound, "未找到条件支路");
     }
     Project &project = project_service_.editProject();
     LadderRung *rung = findEditableRung(project, logic_id, rung_id);
diff --git a/app/src/services/offline_simulation_service.cpp b/app/src/services/offline_simulation_service.cpp
index 55d78a5..46910f2 100644
--- a/app/src/services/offline_simulation_service.cpp
+++ b/app/src/services/offline_simulation_service.cpp
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ LogicScanResult OfflineSimulationService::executeOnce()
     {
         return {false,
                 LogicScanError::InvalidLogic,
-                "offline simulation is not running",
+                "离线仿真尚未运行",
                 {},
                 {},
                 {}};
diff --git a/app/src/services/project_service.cpp b/app/src/services/project_service.cpp
index 9fdaab8..e519134 100644
--- a/app/src/services/project_service.cpp
+++ b/app/src/services/project_service.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ std::string generateProjectId()
 
 ProjectService::ProjectService(ProjectStorage &storage)
     : storage_(storage),
-      project_(makeNewProject("Untitled"))
+      project_(makeNewProject("未命名工程"))
 {
 }
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ ProjectOperationResult ProjectService::createNewProject(const std::string &name)
         return {false,
                 ProjectServiceError::InvalidProjectName,
                 ProjectStorageError::None,
-                "project name must not be empty"};
+                "工程名称不能为空"};
     }
 
     // 新工程创建成功后清除原文件关联，并标记为待保存
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ ProjectOperationResult ProjectService::save()
         return {false,
                 ProjectServiceError::FilePathRequired,
                 ProjectStorageError::None,
-                "project file path is required"};
+                "必须指定工程文件路径"};
     }
     // 复用另存为流程，确保两种保存方式拥有相同的校验和错误处理
     return saveAs(current_file_path_);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ ProjectOperationResult ProjectService::saveAs(const std::string &file_path)
         return {false,
                 ProjectServiceError::FilePathRequired,
                 ProjectStorageError::None,
-                "project file path is required"};
+                "必须指定工程文件路径"};
     }
 
     std::string validation_error;
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ ProjectOperationResult ProjectService::load(const std::string &file_path)
         return {false,
                 ProjectServiceError::FilePathRequired,
                 ProjectStorageError::None,
-                "project file path is required"};
+                "必须指定工程文件路径"};
     }
 
     ProjectLoadResult result = storage_.load(file_path);
diff --git a/app/src/services/runtime_mode_service.cpp b/app/src/services/runtime_mode_service.cpp
index ba19126..bf263aa 100644
--- a/app/src/services/runtime_mode_service.cpp
+++ b/app/src/services/runtime_mode_service.cpp
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ PlcCommunicationResult RuntimeModeService::connectPlc(
 {
     if (plc_gateway_ == nullptr)
     {
-        return {false, "PLC communication is not configured"};
+        return {false, "PLC 通信服务尚未配置"};
     }
     std::vector<RegisterAddress> addresses;
     const Project &project = project_service_.project();
diff --git a/app/src/services/software_logic_executor.cpp b/app/src/services/software_logic_executor.cpp
index 4ca53e8..6f176c8 100644
--- a/app/src/services/software_logic_executor.cpp
+++ b/app/src/services/software_logic_executor.cpp
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::validate(
             {
                 return failure(
                     LogicScanError::InvalidLogic,
-                    "ladder output is not a coil",
+                    "梯形图输出不是线圈节点",
                     logic.id,
                     rung.id,
                     rung.output->id);
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::validate(
             {
                 return failure(
                     LogicScanError::ConflictingOutput,
-                    "mixed coil modes target " + output->address.toString(),
+                    "同一地址使用了不同线圈模式：" + output->address.toString(),
                     logic.id,
                     rung.id,
                     rung.output->id);
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::evaluateExpression(
 {
     if (value == nullptr)
     {
-        return failure(LogicScanError::InvalidLogic, "expression result target is missing");
+        return failure(LogicScanError::InvalidLogic, "缺少表达式结果接收对象");
     }
     if (expression.kind == ConditionExpressionKind::Node)
     {
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::evaluateCondition(
     {
         return failure(
             LogicScanError::InvalidLogic,
-            "condition result target is missing",
+            "缺少条件结果接收对象",
             {},
             {},
             node.id);
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::evaluateCondition(
                 {
                     return failure(
                         LogicScanError::RegisterReadFailed,
-                        "failed to read " + config.address.toString(),
+                        "读取寄存器失败：" + config.address.toString(),
                         {},
                         {},
                         node.id);
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::evaluateCondition(
                 {
                     return failure(
                         LogicScanError::RegisterReadFailed,
-                        "failed to read " + config.address.toString(),
+                        "读取寄存器失败：" + config.address.toString(),
                         {},
                         {},
                         node.id);
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::evaluateCondition(
             {
                 return failure(
                     LogicScanError::InvalidLogic,
-                    "condition node contains an output coil",
+                    "条件节点不能包含输出线圈",
                     {},
                     {},
                     node.id);
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::writeOutput(
     {
         return failure(
             LogicScanError::InvalidLogic,
-            "ladder output is not a coil",
+            "梯形图输出不是线圈节点",
             {},
             {},
             node.id);
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::writeOutput(
     {
         return failure(
             LogicScanError::InvalidLogic,
-            "unsupported coil mode",
+            "不支持的线圈模式",
             {},
             {},
             node.id);
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ LogicScanResult SoftwareLogicExecutor::writeOutput(
     {
         return failure(
             LogicScanError::RegisterWriteFailed,
-            "failed to write " + config->address.toString(),
+            "写入寄存器失败：" + config->address.toString(),
             {},
             {},
             node.id);