# Ladder Basic Instructions And Common Patterns

Use this P2 reference for Xinje XD/XL/XG ladder basics, basic sequential instructions, timers/counters, data compare/transfer, and common field patterns.

Source anchors:

- XD/XL basic instruction manual v1.6.1 PDF pages 22-25: LD/ST instruction quick table.
- PDF pages 69-90: double-coil behavior and chapter 3 basic sequential instructions.
- PDF pages 53-59 and 91-94: timers and counters.
- PDF pages 118-121: integer/floating compare examples and notes.
- PDF pages 117+ and chapter 4: `MOV`, data transfer, arithmetic, shift, conversion, and clock instruction groups.

## Core Contacts And Coils

| Instruction | Meaning | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
| `LD` | Start with normally-open contact. | Start a network/rung. |
| `LDI` | Start with normally-closed contact. | Start with inverse condition. |
| `AND` / `ANI` | Series NO/NC contact. | Add permissive/interlock. |
| `OR` / `ORI` | Parallel NO/NC contact. | Add alternate path. |
| `OUT` | Drive coil/output. | Normal non-latched output. |
| `SET` | Latch/set bit. | Start latch, command memory, step set. |
| `RST` | Reset bit/current value. | Stop/reset latch, timer/counter reset. |

## Edge And Pulse Instructions

| Instruction | Meaning | Use |
|---|---|---|
| `LDP`, `ANDP`, `ORP` | Rising-edge contact. | One-scan event from a bit transition. |
| `LDF`, `ANDF`, `ORF` | Falling-edge contact. | One-scan event on OFF transition. |
| `PLS` | Output one scan after drive turns ON. | Generate one-shot bit. |
| `PLF` | Output one scan after drive turns OFF. | Generate OFF-edge one-shot. |
| `MEP` / `MEF` | Pulse the current logic result. | Pulse a whole condition block. |
| `ALT` | Toggle target bit. | Use only with edge drive; avoid always-ON/level drive. |

Rule: Use edges for HMI buttons and toggle logic. A continuously true condition can repeatedly execute edge-sensitive/toggle behavior if used incorrectly.

## Block Instructions

| Instruction | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| `ORB` | OR a series circuit block. | Use when parallel branch contains multiple series contacts. |
| `ANB` | AND a parallel circuit block. | Use when a branch block is connected in series with prior logic. |
| `MCS` / `MCR` | Master control start/reset. | Must be paired; nesting is limited; in software use ladder wiring where direct entry is unavailable. |

## Timers

Use `TMR` / `TMR_A` forms rather than assuming fixed timer types.

| Form | Behavior |
|---|---|
| `TMR` | Non-retentive/non-accumulative timer. |
| `TMR_A` | Retentive/accumulative timer. |
| Third operand `K1` | 1 ms base. |
| Third operand `K10` | 10 ms base. |
| Third operand `K100` | 100 ms base. |

Example plan:

```text
X0 drives TMR T0 K200 K10
T0 contact turns ON after 2 s
RST T0 resets timer current value and contact
```

Notes:

- Timer identifiers can be contacts/coils or current-value words depending on instruction context.
- `MOV T11 D0` treats `T11` as current value; `LD T11` treats it as a bit contact.

## Counters

| Instruction | Meaning |
|---|---|
| `CNT` | 16-bit count instruction. |
| `CNT_D` | 16-bit down-count form. |
| `DCNT` | 32-bit count instruction. |
| `DCNT_D` | 32-bit down-count form. |
| `RST C0` | Reset counter current value and contact. |

Use `HC` for retentive counter areas when the model/manual supports it. Use a reset condition separate from count input.

## Compare, Move, Arithmetic

| Group | Examples | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Contact compare | `LD=`, `LD>`, `DLD>`, `QLD>` | Compare values as rung conditions. |
| Data compare | `CMP`, `ZCP` | Generate comparison results or range checks. |
| Move | `MOV`, `DMOV`, `QMOV`, `BMOV`, `FMOV` | Assign values, initialize blocks, copy data. |
| Arithmetic | `ADD`, `SUB`, `MUL`, `DIV`, `INC`, `DEC` | Parameter calculation and counters. |
| Bit/word logic | `WAND`, `WOR`, `WXOR`, `CML`, `SWAP` | Masks, packing bits, byte order. |

Width matters:

- Use 32-bit instructions for 32-bit counters/register pairs.
- Use 64-bit instructions only on supported models/firmware.
- For floats, convert/confirm floating format before floating operations or comparison.

## Double-Coil Rule

The XD/XL manual shows that if the same coil is driven more than once, later execution can overwrite the earlier state. Avoid double coils for outputs and shared internal bits.

Bad pattern:

```text
Network 1: X0 -> OUT Y0
Network 2: X1 -> OUT Y0
```

Better pattern:

```text
M10 = auto request
M11 = manual request
Y0 = safety_ok AND (M10 OR M11)
```

## Start/Stop Latch Pattern

Address plan:

| Address | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `X0` | Start button. |
| `X1` | Stop button, NC logic if wired normally closed. |
| `M0` | Run latch. |
| `Y0` | Motor/contactor output. |
| `M10` | Safety/permissive OK. |
| `M20` | Fault active. |

Logic plan:

1. `X0` and `M10` and not `M20` set `M0`.
2. `X1` stop, fault, or missing permissive resets `M0`.
3. `M0` and final safety/permissive drives `Y0`.
4. HMI start/stop commands should write separate command bits, not `Y0` directly.

## HMI Command Pattern

Use HMI command bits as requests:

| Address | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `M100` | HMI start request. |
| `M101` | HMI stop request. |
| `M102` | PLC acknowledge/clear request. |
| `M0` | PLC run latch. |
| `Y0` | Actual output. |

Logic:

- Rising edge of `M100` acts like start button.
- Rising edge of `M101` acts like stop button.
- PLC clears or acknowledges command bits after processing when appropriate.
- HMI displays `M0`/`Y0`/fault bits as status, not just the command bits.

## Initialization Pattern

Use `SM002` / `SM2`, not `SM000`, for one-time initialization:

```text
SM002 -> MOV K0 D100
SM002 -> RST M50
SM002 -> MOV K10 D200
```

Do not initialize process values every scan with `SM000` unless repeated overwrite is intended.

## Review Checklist

- No unintended double coils.
- HMI command bits are separated from PLC output/status bits.
- `SET/RST` targets are not also driven by ordinary `OUT` unless deliberately documented.
- Timers/counters have explicit reset conditions.
- Data width matches the instruction.
- Retentive areas are used only where retention is required.
- Safety, permissive, alarm, and command logic are separate enough to monitor.